一、篇章结构
(一)先有规矩，然后才能从心所欲，不逾矩
议论文的写作，住往从正反两方面来论述，且都有其约定俗成的议论模式，即从“主题句一正面论述，反面论述一结论”四大块去营造文章的基本结构(四块论)。例如，某题目要求论述“学校规定‘课间学生只能呆在自己的教室里'对吗?”这一话题。如果作者认为学校的规定不对，他就应该在文章第一块(段)亮出自己的观点：There? is? currently? much? discussion? about? whether? students? should? stay? in? their? own? classrooms? or? not? during? break? times．Personally? I? believe? that—．而第二块应该从正面论述“课间不能只呆在自己的教室里”的理由。比如可以说：I? would? argue? that? break? times? are? our? only? opportunity? to? choose? what? we? want? to? do.? 第三块则从反面观点，即“课间只能呆在自己的教室里”出发，批驳对方观点或进一步阐述己方观点。例如可以说：Another? reason? why? people? say? that? students? have? to? stay? in? their? own? classes? at? break? times? is? that? it? would? be? difficult? to? organize? dinners。最后一块(段)则用不同的语言再次强调已方观点。乍一看去，议论文“四块论”仿佛有“八股文”的嫌疑，但“四块论”符合人的认知规律，所以值得多多模仿和操练。
(二)围绕中心论述，确保论述的内容直接为主题服务
在上例中，“学生课间时不能只呆在自己的教室里”是主题句，论述时应该紧紧围绕它。有的同学在写的时候先说“学生若课间被允许到其他班级活动，就可以交到更多的朋友”，然后又说“交到更多朋友就可以学到更多知识”，“学到更多知识就可以为社会做出更大的贡献”……这种论述方式貌似环环相扣，承前启后，实则是中心涣散的流水账，说到最后，不仅读者会一头雾水，连作者自己都会忘了自己在说什么。
(三)确立并写好论点，并将其置于每一段的段首
整篇文章有整篇文章的中心论点，每一段落有每一段落的分论点。选取论点时要问一问自己：这一论点是否会让自己信服?如果—个论点连自己都说服不了，就要放弃它。段落论点的呈现不能羞羞答答，犹报琵琶半遮面，也不能深藏不露，让读者去总结和归纳，而必须在文章开篇或段落开头就亮出来。论点置于篇首或段首，才能纲举目张，也是确保不跑题的前提。以下两个例子中，第一个结构松散，群龙无首，令读者不知所云；而第二个例子则中心突出，章法严谨。请看：
1．Firstly，it? is? very? convenient? in? daily? life．There? are? many? shops? and? supermarkets? in? a? city．I? can? buy? everything? I? need? easily? in? these? places．When? I? am? sick，I? can? easily? see? a? doctor? in? any? clinic? or? hospital．Transport? services? are? good? in? a? city．when? I? want? to? go? somewhere，I? can? take? a? bus，a? train? or? something? else．There? are? also? many? kinds? of? entertainment? in? a? city．Public? buildings(such? as? libraries)and? parks? can? easity? be? found? in? a? city，too．
2．First．it? is? convenient? and? comfortable? to? live? in? a? city．To? begin? with，there? is? good? housing? in? a? city，as? all? the? houses? and? flats? are? well-equipped? with? good? facilities? and? surrounded? by? modern? amenities? such? as? places? of? entertainment，public? libraries? and? parks．
而中心句的写法也有讲究。中心句必须能高度概括所在段落的论据，它的关键词应该在每—个论据中都有重复或适当体现。那种无关痛痒的叙述或说明性的句子，是不适宜用作中心句的。例如：
1．Students? always? feel? relaxed? and? happy? during? breaks．(叙述性句子)
2．Break? times? are? scheduled? for? about? 10? minutes．(说明性句子)
以下即是论述“学校规定‘课间学生只能呆在自己的班级里'对吗?”的一篇学生习作：
Although? some? people? believe? that? students? should? stay? in? their? own? classrooms? during? break? times，I? would? like? to? argue? that? we? should? be? allowed? to? spend? break? times? in? another? class．
The? most? important? reason? for? believing? that? is? that? many? students? have? friends? in? other? classes．We? spend? all? day? in? our? own? classroom，and? break? times? are? the? only? time? we? have? to? spend? with? other? friends．It? can? become? very? tedious(令人厌倦的)to? have? to? spend? even? more? time? with? the? same? people．
A? further? reason? for? allowing? student? to? choose? where? they? spend? their? break? times? is? that? it? would? stop? arguements．If? students? are? forced? to? spend? time? with? classmates? who? are? not? good? friends，they? can? annoy? each? other．This? leads? to? problems? that? have? to? be? sorted? out? by? teachers．
Teachers? argue? that? we? all? should? stay? in? our? own? classes，because? it? is? then? easier? to? know? what? is? going? on．They? say? that? it? is? difficult? to? keep? track? of? students? when? they? are? walking? round? the? corridors．However，students? could? be? given? the? chance? to? choose? a? different? classroom? to? spend? the? whole? break? time? in．That? would? mean? that? there? would? not? be? any? students? in? the? corridors．
As? I? have? explained，although? it? might? be? a? little? easier? to? manage? when? everyone? stays? in? their? own? classroom，it? would? make? break? times? happier? for? all? students? if? they? were? allowed? to? choose? where? they? spent? their? time．
这篇范文符合“四块论”的基本模式，正反论述兼顾，结构严谨，中心突出。
二、句子修辞
(一)应用修辞，增强说服力
适当采用比喻、头韵(即连续数个单词的头音或头字母相同)、夸张等修辞手法，采用幽默、平行结构等写作手法，可以把道理说得更加透彻，把观点表达得更加鲜明，把平淡的内容表现得更加生动，从而更好地传递信息，增添文采，激发读者的共鸣。例如：
1．Many? people? have? tried? a? thousand? times? before? they? achieve? their? goals．(夸张) ?
2．Only? a? madman? would? choose? to? live? in? a? modern? city．(夸张)
3．Our? life? would? be? like? soup? without? salt? or? flowers? without? sunlight．(比喻)
4．The? best? way? is? to? reduce，reuse? and? recycle．(头韵)
5．For? children．the? Internet? is? another? way? to? waste? more? hours．(幽默)
6．If? you? want? to? earn? a? satisfactory? grade? in? the? training? program，you? must? arrive? punctually，you? must? behave? courteously，and? you? must? study? conscientiously．(平行结构)
值得注意的是，比喻等修辞格的使用及谚语等的引用关乎作者对英语文化的理解，因为它们在英语中的意义往往与我们的理解大相径庭，很容易误用。只有多多学习，认真分析它们的应用环境，使用起来才能锦上添花。如果没有十分的把握，切不可生搬硬套，否则会适得其反。
(二)表达到位，才能言之成理
通常，作者对自己论述的观点是清楚的，但在将观点传达给读者时，往往因为用词不准确，逻辑欠严密，或因受中国式思维的干扰而令表达不到位，结果使读者如堕五里雾中。作者应站在读者的立场上考虑问题，始终牢记“读者明不明白”才是判断写作是否成功的最重要标准。请看以下几个表达不到位的例句及其改正方法。
1．They? gave? me? what? I? need，but? not? what? I? want．
析：want可译为“想要”。从汉语角度看，整个句子是流畅的，但从英语的逻辑上看，want与need的意义极易混淆，因此整个句子意义表达不到位，含糊不清。可以改为：They? have? given? me? what? I? need? but? not? What? I? often? ask? for．
2．Maybe? there? are? also? some? disadvantages? of? living? in? a? city，but? I? think? they? are? less? important．I? feel? convenient? and? comfortable．
析：句子后半部分的逻辑关系未交代清楚，令人有“前言不搭后语“的感觉。可以改为：Theere? are? surely? disadvantages? of? living? in? a? city，too，but? they? are? less? important? and? tend? to? be? de-emphasized．For? the? sake? of? the? advantages? mentioned? above，I? prefer? to? live? in? a? city．
3．Different? people? have? different? choices．Some? people? like? living? in? a? city? and? some? people? like? living? in? a? village．
析：Choice的含义十分宽泛，因此与后面的like不相称，应改为：Different? people? have? different? likes? and? dislikes．Some? like? to? live? in? a? city，others? like? to? live? in? a? village．
4．The? people，the? society? and? so? on? were? quite? different? from? now．
析：The? people，the? society依然不足以让读者完全理解要论述的话题，可改为：The? peopIe，the? society? and? other? aspects? of? life? were? quite? different? from? now．
5．Thieves? should? be? sentenced? for? what? they? have? done． ?
析：使用sentence未免言过其实，应改为：Thieves? should? be? punished? for? their? wrongdoing．
(三)简洁洗练，要言不烦
语言简洁有力，文风干净利落，是议论文的重要特征之一。应该指出的是，好句子并不以长短论英雄，长句未必不简洁，短句未必不哆咳。作者在写作时，只要力求做到“章无冗段，段无冗句，句无冗词”，就可改变当断不断、拖泥带水的现象。
1．The? Are? No? Good? Reasons? Why? Boys? and? Girls? Should? Not? Be? Treated? Equally.
析：此为一标题句，此作者滥用双重否定，从而使句子过长。宜改为：Boys? and? Girls? Should? Be? Given? Equal? Treatment．
2．For? instance，I? knew? how? to? communicate? with? other? people? and? how? to? look? after? myself．The? most? important? thing? was? that? I? learn? to? be? independent．
析：从意义上讲，look? after? myself与independent关系紧密，可以合在一起。句子可改为：For? instance，I? knew? how? to? communicate? with? others? and? how? to? look? after? myself? as? an? independent? girl．
3．Moreover，as? some? girls? study? harder? than? boys，they? may? be? even? superior．
析：moreover后若继续用从句，就会干扰读者的思维。可改为：Moreover，some? girls? are? very? dilgent．As? a? result，they? may? prove? superior? to? ordinary? boys．
4．What? I? mean? to? say? is? that? well-intentioned? law-makers? sometimes? make? fools? of? themselves．
析：what从句并未提供新信息，故可删去。句子可改为：Well-intentioned? law—makers? sometimes? make? fools? of? themselves．
三、词汇运用
(一)多用书面语，少用口头语
相对口头语而言，书面语更能增添文章的厚重感和读者对文章的信任感。下列每一组句子中，第二句都使用了书面语言，用词更加规范，因而比前一个句子略胜—筹。
1．We? still? have? the? social? problems.
The? same? social? problems? still? exist? today．
2．For? me，there? is? no? need? for? further? protection? of? woodlands.
As? far? as? I'm? concerned，further? protection? of? woodlands? is? not? needed．
3．With? the? development? of? computer? technology,? commercial? information? exchange? is? becoming? easier．
Computers? have? greatly? influenced? business? communication．
4．Everything? has? two? sides? and? this? problem? is? quite? the? same．
Everything? has? two? sides? and? this? issue? is? not? an? exception．
(二)使用连接词
在句子间使用连接词，能使文章脉络更加清晰，逻辑关系更加流畅。例如：
1．The? water? was? polluted．As? a? result，the? fish? died．
2．However，others? think? we? should? have? junk? food.
3．On? the? other? hand? packaging? can? have? many? disadvantages．
4．Firstly? many? people? die? of? passive? smoking(被动吸烟)and? secondly? it? can? aggravate(使……恶化)lung? diseases．
相关的连接词还有：On? the? contrary，all? in? all，in? short，generally，worse? still，on? the? other? hand，in? conclusion，as? a? consequence，hence，also，personally，furthermore，definitely，surely，undoubtedly，obviously，additionally，in? addition，moreover，consequently，clearly，besides，as? well，likewise，in? my? opinion，for? the? sake? of，last? but? not? the? least，to? begin? with，firstly(first)，etc．
很多时候，一些常用的句式或句子也能承上启下，使相关的信息得到巧妙的过渡和衔接。例如：
The? main? reason? is? that…
I? can't? agree? more．
Another? thing? we? can't? forget? is? that…
There? is? every? reason? to? believe? that…
As? we? all? know…
总而言之，一篇好的议论文，总是在结构、逻辑和语言等方面略胜一筹。
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