出国留学网liuxue86.com 2012年10月26日 12时讯

銆屽�堕暦鍙冭垏銆?parent involvement)鐣跺墠鍦ㄧ编鍦嬩笉璜栨槸镵�閭︺�佸悇宸炴垨瀛稿崁銆佸�革荨閮芥槸鏁櫹獠鏂芥斂槎骤�佷竴鐠帮纴闆栫劧1965骞寸殑銆婂垵绛夊强涓�绛夋曡飩叉硶妗堛�?Elementary and Secondary Education Act)涓�涓α椽鎻愬埌銆屽�堕暦鍙冭垏銆岖殑瀛楃溂锛屼絾寰炵暥鏅傜殑鏀跨瓥璜栬警闁嫔�嬶紝銆屽�堕暦鍙冭垏銆崭究宸茶��瑕栫偤瀵︾従绀炬渻姝ｇ京銆佹暀镶插叕骞崇殑閲嶈�併蛿寰戙�?/P>

镙规摎Moles & Fege(2012)鍒嗘瀽锛岀编鍦嫔�堕暦鍙冭垏媪茬瓥婕旇畩姝风镀烁冩�°�婂垵绛夊强涓�绛夋曡飩叉硶妗堛�?ESEA)淇�姝ｃ蠋绋嬶紝鍏惰綁鎶樺彲鍒喠秃涓夊�嬫檪链?
涓�銆?965镊?980骞达纴灏ゅ叾鏄?0骞翠唬锛屾槸銆屽�堕暦浣溋秃璜�瑭㈣�呫�?parents as advisors)鏅傛湡:鍦?965骞淬�婂垵绛夊强涓�绛夋曡飩叉硶妗堛�嬭◣璜栭亷绋嬩腑锛屽弮璀伴櫌鏁栾偛濮斿摗链幂殑Robert Kennedy鍙冭�板摗渚挎彁鍑洪K�閭α磯璨�浠荤⒑淇濆湴鏂规彁渚涘�堕暦鍙冭垏姗熈磧浠ュ挤鍖栧�告牎绺炬晥璨�浠伙紝灏ゅ叾鏄�涓嶅埄铏曞�冨�告牎(TITLE I)瀛哥敓涔嫔�堕暦镧�1974骞淬�婂垵绛夊强涓�绛夋曡飩叉硶淇�姝ｆ�堛�嬩腑渚垮�炲垪瑕佹眰鍚勫�稿崁钖戣伅闾︽彁浜ょ敌璜嫔墠镍夋垚绔嬨�屽�堕暦璜�瑭㈠�斿摗鏈冦�?parent advisory councils, PACs)涔嬭�忓畾镧�1978骞翠慨姝ｆ�堬啻瑕忓畾TITLE锛╁�革荨鐨勮ㄛ鰥冭▊瀹氳垏鍩疯�屾噳链夊�堕暦鍙冭垏銆?/P>

浜屻�?980镊?988骞寸偤銆岃В闄ょ�″埗迩垮�掗��銆?deregulation and push back)鏅傛湡:鐢辨柤闆锋牴鏀垮簻鎺¤В闄ょ�″埗媪茬瓥锢佸�堕暦璜�瑭㈠�斿摗链?PACs)鍙婂�堕暦鍙冭垏绋嬪害鏀圭敱鍦版柟姹哄畾锢併�婂垵绛夊强涓�绛夋曡飩叉硶銆嬬敱1981骞淬�屾暀镶叉暣钖堣垏鏀归�叉硶妗堛�嶏纸Education Consolidation and Improvement ACT锛孍CIA锛夊彇浠ｏ纴TITLE锛╁�革荨璁婃垚Chapter I瀛告牎锛屽�堕暦鍙冭垏鍙�淇濈暀闇�鍙�闁婥hapter I瀛告牎瀹堕暦骞村害链冭�帮袆瑕忓畾锢佽ū澶氬�稿崁锲犺�屽彇娑埚�堕暦璜�瑭㈠�斿摗鏈冦�?/P>

涓夈�?988骞磋縿浠婄偤銆屽�堕暦鎭㈠京鍙冭垏迩垮皨姹傚钩琛°�嶆檪链?reemerge and search for balance):1988骞淬�岄湇閲戞柉-鍙蹭腹绂忓痉鍒濈瓑鍙娄腑绛夊�革荨鏀广筒淇�姝ｆ�堛�嶏纸Hawkins-Stafford Elementary and Secondary School Improvement Act锛夎�佹眰鍦版柟鏁櫹獠鐣跺眬镍夋湁纰轰缭瀹堕暦鍙冭垏TITLE锛╄▓锷冨强鍩疯�屼箣媪茬瓥锢佷甫鎳夊畾鏈熸彁渚涘�堕暦璩囱▕锛?994骞淬�婃敼锽勭编鍦嫔�革荨娉曟�堛�?Improving America's Schools Act,IASA)灏囧师链�琚�鐣屽畾鍦ㄥ叕姘戞瑠鍒?civil right)鍙婂皪鎶楄钵绐?anti-poverty)涔嫔�堕暦鍙冭垏锢佽綁鍖栨垚銆岀偤瀛告牎锏煎睍绀炬渻璩囨湰銆?social capital)涔嬭�掞椴瀹氫綅锢侀櫎寤剁�?988骞存硶妗?118绡�涔嫔�堕暦鍙冭垏姊濇枃锢佷甫澧炲垪瀛稿崁骞村害瑁滃姪瓒呴亷50钀�鑰呭繀阕堥亱鐢ㄨ呖灏?%鏂煎�堕暦鍙冭垏浜嬨讌锢佷互迩垮�炶ō?瀹堕暦璩囱▕鑸囱硣婧愪腑蹇?(Parental Information and Resource Centers,PIRCs)锛?001骞淬�婃矑链夊�╁瓙钀藉�?NCLB)銆嬫硶妗堟洿寮峰寲1118绡�瑕忓畾锛屼甫棣栨�×�?瀹堕暦鍙冭垏銆嶅畾缇?銆屽�堕暦浠ュ畾鏈燂袆銆侀洐钖戠殑銆佹湁镒忕京镄勬簼阃氭柟寮忓弮鑸囧�哥敓瀛歌∞飙哥繏迩垮叾浠栧�告牎娲诲嫊銆嶃�?/P>

鐩�鍓�2001骞寸増銆婂垵绛夊强涓�绛夋曡飩叉硶妗堛�?鍗炽�婃矑链夊�╁瓙钀藉緦娉曟�堛�?(No Child Left Behind Act of 2001锛孭ublic Law 107-110))浠嶆槸缇庡湅瀹堕暦鍙冭垏链�楂樻硶寰嬩緷鎿氾纴鍏朵富瑕佽�忓�氩湪鏂肩��涓�绡?鎻愬崌涓嶅埄铏曞�冨�哥敓瀛歌�撴垚灏�(TITLE I)绗珹閮ㄥ垎:鏀归�插湴鏂规暀镶茬暥灞�鍩烘湰瑷埚妰鎴愭晥涔嬬��1118绡�:瀹堕暦鍙冭垏銆傚叾閲嶉粸濡备笅(USDE,2001):

(a)鍦版柟鏁栾偛鐣跺眬鏀跨瓥-
鍦版柟鏁栾偛鐣跺眬渚濇湰阕呰�忓�氲�忥蓛迩胯睛鐞嗗�堕暦鍙冭垏涔嬭▓鐣�銆佹椿鍕曪纴鍙�绲需珛鑱�闾﹁�滐嫂锢佸叾瑷堢暙鑸囨椿鍕曚箣瑕忥蓛鎳夎垏瀹堕暦婧濄碗但�瑭�銆傛疮涓�鍊嫔湴鏂规暀镶茬暥灞�镍夎┎淇濈暀阃欎竴閮ㄥ垎(绗珹閮ㄥ垎鏀归�插湴鏂规暀镶茬暥灞�鍩烘湰瑷埚妰鎴愭晥)缍撹不涓嶅皯鏂?%镄勬暀镶茬稉璨讳缔鍩疯�屃船绡�瀹堕暦鍙冭垏瑷堢暙锛屽寘鎷�鎻愬崌鐖舵瘝璀樺瓧銆佸�堕暦鑳斤蓻镧﹀叾缍撹�?5%镍夋挜绲﹀�革荨閬嬬敤銆?/P>

(b)瀛告牎瀹堕暦鍙冭垏鏀跨瓥-
姣忓�嫔�革荨閮侥鴫鑸囧�堕暦钖堜綔瑕忓妰瀹堕暦鍙冭垏鏀跨瓥锛屼甫锏肩郸瀛哥敓瀹堕暦镟搁溃镄勫弮鑸囨敛绛栨浉闱㈡枃浠讹纴瑭宠级瀵︽柦鏂瑰纺锛屽�堕暦鎳夎��浠ユ槗孢茔�佷竴镊寸殑褰㈠纺锛屼互瀹堕暦浣跨敤镄勮獮瑷�锛屽憡鐭ュ叾瀹堕暦鍙冭垏镄勬敛绛栵纴鐩搁棞鏀跨瓥涓︽噳鎻愪緵璁撶ぞ鍗�鐬�瑙ｏ紝瀹毩礋鏇存柊浠ョ�﹀悎瀹堕暦鑸囧�革荨涔嬮渶姹伞�?/P>

(c)鏀跨瓥鍙冭垏-
(1)瀛告牎镍夊彫闁嫔勾搴﹀�堕暦鏈冭�帮纴闾�璜嫔强榧揿嫷镓�链夊�堕暦鍙冿蔂锢佷何丕ｅ叾鎵�鍙�鍙冭垏浜嬨�?BR>(2)瀛告牎镍夋彁渚涗笉钖屾渻璀拌畵瀹堕暦鍙冭垏锛屽寘鎷�鏃╀笂鎴栧倣鏅氭檪闁擄袆鏈冭�帮纴鎻愪緵浜ら�氥�佸厌绔ョ収璀枫�佸拰瀹跺涵瑷�鍟忕瓑锢佷互鎻愰�桦�堕暦鍙冭�?

(3)瀛告牎镍夋湁绲勭箶鍦般�佹寔绾屾�у湴鑸囧�堕暦鎺ヨЦ锢佷甫瀹毩礋瑕忥蓛銆佷慨姝ｈ�曚及瀹堕暦鍙冭垏鐨勮▓鐣�鑸囨敛绛栵纴涓︽彁渚涘�堕暦鍙冭垏瀛革荨鐨勫叏鏍「洄瑷堢暙涔嬭�忓妰;
(4)鎻愪緵瀛哥敓瀹堕暦镍夋湁璩囱▕-(A)瀹氭湡鎻愪緵瀹堕暦鍙冭垏瑷堢暙娲诲嫊;(B)鎻愪緵瀛哥敓瀹堕暦瀛告牎瑾茬▼鎻忚堪鍙婅В閲嬨�佸�哥繏瑭曢噺迩挎垚灏辨�欐簴绛夎硣瑷?(C)鎺ュ弹瀹堕暦鎻愯�拌睛鐞嗗畾鏈熈磧璀帮紝钂愰泦寤鸿�板强灏嶆暀甯�鏁欏�哥殑镒忚�嬶紝涓︾洝閫熷洖瑕?
(5)鑻ュ�堕暦灏嶅叏鏍「洄瑷堢暙涓嶆豢鎰忥紝鎳夊皣瀹堕暦鎰忚�嬫彁鍑轰互淇�姝ｈ▓鐣�銆?/P>

(d)寤虹珛楂桦�哥敓瀛歌�撴垚灏辩殑鍏变韩璨�浠�(SHARED RESPONSIBILITIES)-
姣忓�嫔�革荨鎳夎垏瀹堕暦鍏辫枌鐧煎睍涓�鍊?瀛告牎-瀹堕暦钖堜綔鍗斿畾?(school-parent compact)锛岃��鏄庡�堕暦銆佸�革荨鎴愬摗銆佸�哥敓鍦ㄦ彁鍗囧�哥敓瀛歌�撴垚灏变笂鎳壛磯鐨勫叡浜�璨�浠伙紝浠ュ強寤虹�嫔ぅ浼撮棞淇傛噳链夌殑绛栫暐浣沧硶锛屼互阆斿埌钖勫窞镄勫�歌�撴�欐簴锢佽┎鍗斿畾鎳夊寘鎷�:

(1)鎻忚堪瀛告牎鎻愪緵楂桦搧璩�瑾茬▼锢佷互迩垮湪鏀�鎸佺殑链夋晥镄勫�革荨鐠板�冧笅鏁椤�镐箣璨�浠伙纴瀹堕暦鍓囨噳鍗斿姪璨犺捣镌ｅ皫瀛╁瓙瀛哥繏銆佹簴鏅备笂瀛搞�佸畲鎴愬�跺涵浣滄キ銆佹摂浠荤彮绱氱京宸ワ纴阆╃暥鍙冭垏鑸囧�哥敓鏈夐棞涔嬫焙绛栧強瑾插�栨椿鍕曡�忥擅莪�;
(2)寮疯�挎曢「�鑸囧�堕暦婧濄蜌鐨勯噸瑕伕�?
(A)灏忓�搁殠娈碉紝柽垮皯鍙�闁嫔勾搴﹀�堕暦鑸囨曢「�链冭�帮紝瑷庤珫鍚堜綔鍗斿�氢腑鑸囧�哥敓瀛哥繏鏈夐椕饸勫収瀹�;(B)瀹氭湡鎻愪緵瀹堕暦链夐棞瀛哥敓镄勯�叉�ユ儏褰㈠牨鍛�;(C)鎻愪緵鑸囨暀镵峰摗阆╃暥镄勭�°下袄佹彁渚涙�熸渻鎿斾换缇╁伐鍙冭垏瀛哥敓瑾插爞娲诲嫊链冩暀瀹よ��瀵熴�?/P>

(e)鎿村ぇ鍙冭垏镄勭┖闁? 瀛告牎鑸囧湴鏂规暀镶茬暥灞�镍?BR>(1)鎻愪緵鍗斿姪浠ヨ畵瀹堕暦浜呜В钖勫窞瀛歌�撳収瀹规�欐簴銆佸�哥敓瀛歌�撴垚灏辨�欐簴銆佸窞鍙婂�稿崁瑭曢噺锛屽�備綍瑙�瀵熷�哥敓閫叉�ユ儏褰�銆佽垏鏁椤斧钖堜綔鎻愭槆瀛哥敓瀛哥繏;

(2)鎻愪緵瀹堕暦鏁栾偛涔嬬礌鏉愭垨瑷撶反锛屼互浣垮叾瓒充互鍗斿姪瀛哥敓鎻愬崌瀛哥繏鎴愭晥锛屼緥濡傝瓨瀛楁暀镶层�佺�戞妧阆嬬敤瀛哥繏绛?
(3)镍夋暀镶叉暀甯�銆佹湇鍕椤�哥敓涔嬩汉鍝°�佹牎闀风瓑浣夸简瑙ｅ�堕暦鍙冭垏鐨勶讖缇╄垏鍍瑰�硷纴浠ュ强鏁椤皫濡备綍鑸囧�堕暦婧濄蜌銆佸缓绔嫔ぅ浼撮棞淇伞�佸煼琛屽�堕暦鍙冭埓穴堢暙涔嬫妧宸?
(4)鑸囧�堕暦鍚堜讲讕ㄥ嫊璧峰�嬭▓鐣�镏紿ead Start锛夈�侀柋璁�鍎�鍏�(Reading First)銆佸强镞╄捣濮嬭▓鐣�镏紼arly Head Start锛夈�佸�搁健鍓嶅厭绔ワ袆瀹跺涵鎸囧皫瑷堬�?Home Instruction Program For Preschool Youngsters)銆佸潎绛夎捣濮嬭▓鐣?(Even Start)銆佸�堕暦浣溋秃鏁欏斧瑷堢�?the Parents as Teachers Program)绛夛纴浠ュ强鍏朵粬瀹堕暦璩囨簮涓�寮ㄧ瓑榧撹垶瀹堕暦鍙冭垏涔嬭▓鐣�;
(5)纰轰缭钖勯�炲�告牎鍙婂�堕暦鍙冭埓殉囪▕鍧囪兘浠ュ�堕暦浜呜В镄勬柟寮忋�佽獮瑷�鍌抽�侀�氱煡瀹堕暦;
(6)鏁椤斧銆佹牎闀峰强鍏朵粬鏁栾偛浜哄摗镄勮〒绶翠害鍙�楦鲨�嫔�堕暦鍙冭垏锢佷互鎻愬崌鏁堢�?
(7)阆嬬敤链�闋呰�滃姪缍撹不杈︾悊蹇呰�侊袆瀹堕暦璀樿畝鑳藉姏鏁栾偛;
(8)鎻愪緵鍦版柟瀹堕暦鍙冭垏娲诲嫊阆╃暥瑁滃姪锛屽寘鎷�浜ゃ蜌銆佸�╃�ョ湅椤с�佷互璁揿�堕暦彗娩互鍙冭垏瀛革荨鐩搁棽诇冭�版垨瑷撶反;
(9)钘夌敱鎻愪緵瀹堕暦鐩搁棞瑷撶反浠ュ挤鍖栧叾浠栧�堕暦鐨勫弮鑸�;
(10)灏囧�革荨鏈冭�版檪闁揿綀镐у畨鎺掑湪涓嶅悓鏅傛�碉紝鎴栬睛鐞嗗湪瀹读磧璀�(in-home conferences)锛岃畵鐒℃硶鍒版牎镄勫�堕暦鍙�浠ユ湁鍏朵粬阆告搰锛屾挚澶у弮鑸?
(11)瑾挎暣鍙婂煼琛屽�氱ó妯″紡涓﹁�岀�°掀嘶ユ敼閫插�堕暦鍙冭�?
(12)寤虹珛瀛稿崁瀹堕暦璜�瑭㈠�斿摗链冿纴浠ユ彁渚涘�稿崁鏁栾偛涔嬫敮鎸佽垏寤鸿��;
(13)锏煎睍绀惧崁链�浣嶇祫绻斿徛�紒妤�鍦ㄥ崝鍔╁�堕暦鍙冭垏娲诲嫊镄勯仼鐣惰�掞�?
(14)镍夊湪链�闋呰�忓畾涓嬮哜灏嶅�堕暦灏嶅�堕暦鍙冭垏涔嬭�佹眰鎻愪緵蹇呰�佹敮鎸併�?/P>

闅ㄨ宪瀹堕暦鍙冭垏澶氩厓鍖栵纴鍏剁瘎鍦嶆挚澶ц呖瀹跺涵銆佺ぞ鍗�鑸囧�革荨鐨勮枅浣滐紝鍚勭晫闁嬪�嬩娇鐢ㄣ�屽�跺涵鍙冭�?(family engagement)涓�瑭烇纴瑾岖偤engagement姣攊nvolvement镟存湁澶氩悜婧濋�氥�佸�氬厓鍙冭垏迩胯枅浣滃ぅ浼翠箣鎰忋�傛瓙宸撮Μ鏀垮簻鏂?010骞?链?3镞ユ彁鍑虹殑銆婃敼闱╃槠镄�鏇革茧矆濈瓑迩夸腑绛夋曡飩叉硶妗堜慨姝ｆ�堛�?A blueprint for reform: the reauthorization of the elementary and secondary education act)锛屼究鎺＄敤銆屽�跺涵鍙冭�?(family engagement)锛屽挤瑾垮�跺涵迩跨ぞ鍗�鍙冭垏鏄�鎻愬崌瀛革荨鍝佽唱涔嬮棞閸碉紝鏁櫹獠鏂芥斂鎳夛啻槎骤�栫当鏁撮�欎簺璩囨簮镄勭瓥鐣ワ纴浠ユ彁鍗囨垚鏁堬纴淇�姝Ｗ陦妗堜甫寤鸿�版彁楂桦湴鏂规敮鎸佸�跺涵鍙冭垏缍撹不柽�2%(USDE,2010)銆傝┎淇�姝ｆ≯鰷�2010骞?链?5镞ラ�佸湅链冨�╄�帮纴鎯熻縿浠婃湭鑳介�氶亷淇�姝ｃ�?/P>

鍙冭�冩枃鐛?
Moles,O.& Fege, A.(2012).New Directions for Title I Family Engagement: Lessons From the Past. In Redding, S. , Murphy, M. , & Sheley, P. (Ed), Handbook on Family and Community Engagement. IL: Academic Development Institute. Retrieved October 17, 2012, from http://www.families-schools.org/downloads/FACEHandbook.pdf.
USDE(2001). No Child Left Behind Act. Retrieved October 16, 2012, from http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/index.html
USDE(2010).A blueprint for reform: the reauthorization of the elementary and secondary education act. Retrieved October 16, 2012, from http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/blueprint/index.html

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